Molecular Pathology is a branch of pathology that studies diseases at the molecular and genetic levels.

 Molecular Pathology is a branch of pathology that studies diseases at the molecular and genetic levels. It focuses on how changes in DNA, RNA, and proteins cause or influence diseases.

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🔬 Key Concepts

1. Molecular Basis of Disease

Studies genetic mutations, gene expression, and molecular interactions that lead to disease.

Helps understand why and how a disease develops.

2. Techniques Used

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Amplifies DNA for analysis.

RT-PCR / qPCR: Measures RNA expression levels.

FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization): Detects specific DNA sequences in cells.

DNA Sequencing: Finds mutations or variations in genes.

Microarray and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): Analyze multiple genes at once.

3. Applications

Cancer Diagnosis: Detects gene mutations (e.g., BRCA in breast cancer, KRAS in colon cancer).

Infectious Diseases: Identifies viruses or bacteria (e.g., HPV, COVID-19).

Genetic Disorders: Diagnoses inherited conditions like cystic fibrosis.

Pharmacogenomics: Determines how patients respond to drugs based on genetics.

Forensic Medicine: Identifies individuals through DNA profiling.

4. Advantages

Highly sensitive and specific.

Detects disease even before symptoms appear.

Helps in targeted therapy and personalized medicine.

5. Challenges

Expensive equipment and expertise required.

Ethical concerns in genetic testing.

Data interpretation can be complex.

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🧠 In Simple Terms

Molecular pathology helps doctors look inside the genes and molecules of cells to understand the real cause of diseases — not just their symptoms. It’s like reading the “code” of the disease to find the best treatment.

Laboratory tests are essential tools in pathology and clinical diagnosis. They help doctors detect diseases, monitor health, and guide treatment.

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🧪 1. Blood Tests

These are the most common lab tests.

a. Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Measures RBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets.

Used to detect anemia, infection, leukemia, etc.

b. Blood Glucose Test

Measures sugar level in the blood.

Used to diagnose and monitor diabetes.

c. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) & Creatinine

Tests kidney function.

d. Liver Function Tests (LFT)

Includes ALT, AST, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase.

Detects liver diseases like hepatitis or cirrhosis.

e. Lipid Profile

Measures cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides.

Checks for heart disease risk.

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💧 2. Urine Tests

Urinalysis

Checks for proteins, glucose, ketones, and blood in urine.

Used for diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney disease, and diabetes.

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🧫 3. Microbiological Tests

Identify bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites causing infections.

Examples:

Culture and Sensitivity (C/S): Finds infection-causing organisms.

Gram Staining: Classifies bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative.

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