Anatomical Pathology is a branch of pathology that focuses on the study of structural and morphological changes in tissues and organs caused by disease. In simple terms, it involves examining body tissues, cells, and organs to diagnose diseases such as infections, inflammation, and cancer.
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Main Areas of Anatomical Pathology
- Histopathology – Examination of tissue samples under a microscope (e.g., biopsy, surgical specimen).
- Cytopathology – Study of individual cells, such as in Pap smears or fine needle aspiration.
- Forensic Pathology – Investigation of cause of death through autopsy.
- Surgical Pathology – Diagnosis of disease based on surgical specimens removed during operations.
- Autopsy Pathology – Examination of the entire body after death to study disease or cause of death.
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Common Techniques
- Biopsy (tissue sampling)
- Microscopy (light, electron, or fluorescence)
- Immunohistochemistry (IHC) – Detects specific proteins in tissue
- Molecular pathology – Studies genes and DNA/RNA in cells
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Purpose
- To provide accurate disease diagnosis
- To guide treatment plans (especially in cancer)
- To help in medical research and education
Histopathology is the branch of pathology that studies tissues under a microscope to identify diseases, especially cancer and other abnormalities.
Here’s a clear overview 👇
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Definition
Histopathology is the microscopic examination of tissue samples that have been biopsied or surgically removed, to study the manifestations of disease.
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Process
- Tissue collection – from biopsy, surgery, or autopsy.
- Fixation – tissue is preserved using chemicals like formalin to prevent decay.
- Processing – the tissue is dehydrated and embedded in paraffin wax.
- Sectioning – thin slices (around 4–5 µm) are cut using a microtome.
- Staining – dyes like Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) highlight cell and tissue details.
- Microscopic examination – the pathologist studies the slides under a microscope.
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Purpose / Uses
- Diagnose diseases (especially cancers, infections, and inflammations).
- Guide treatment decisions.
- Monitor disease progression or response to therapy.
- Research into mechanisms of disease.
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