Surgical Pathology is a branch of pathology that involves the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of surgically removed tissues or biopsy samples.
Here’s a clear breakdown 👇
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🔬 Definition
Surgical pathology is the examination of tissues removed during surgery to help diagnose a disease, determine its severity, and guide treatment.
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🧫 Main Tasks
1. Gross Examination – Observing the tissue sample with the naked eye (size, shape, color, etc.).
2. Microscopic Examination – Studying thin sections under a microscope to identify cellular changes.
3. Special Stains & Immunohistochemistry – Using dyes or antibodies to detect specific cells or proteins.
4. Frozen Section Diagnosis – Rapid examination of tissue during surgery to help surgeons make quick decisions.
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🏥 Common Specimens
Tumors or masses (to check if benign or malignant)
Organs removed during surgery (e.g., appendix, gallbladder, uterus)
Biopsies from liver, kidney, skin, etc.
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👨⚕️ Role of Surgical Pathologist
Diagnose cancer and its type.
Determine margins (whether all cancer was removed).
Identify infection, inflammation, or other tissue damage.
Provide essential information for treatment planning.
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⚙️ Techniques Used
Histopathology (H&E staining)
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Molecular pathology tests (PCR, FISH)
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🧍♀️
A patient with a breast lump undergoes surgery — the tissue is sent to surgical pathology.
➡️ The pathologist examines it and reports whether it’s benign (fibroadenoma) or malignant (breast carcinoma).
Gross Examination in pathology refers to the initial visual inspection of surgical specimens (such as tissue or organs) with the naked eye before microscopic analysis.
Here’s a clear overview 👇
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🔬 Definition
Gross examination is the macroscopic (visible) assessment of a specimen received in the pathology lab. It involves describing the size, shape, color, consistency, and appearance of tissues or organs.
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🧠 Purpose
To identify the nature of the specimen (normal or abnormal).
To select appropriate areas for microscopic examination.
To document findings for diagnosis and records.
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⚙️ Steps in Gross Examination
1. Specimen identification – verify patient details and specimen type.
2. Description – record:
Type of specimen (biopsy, organ, etc.)
Size (length × width × thickness)
Shape (round, irregular, lobulated)
Color (pale, grey-white, red-brown)
Consistency (firm, soft, cystic, hard)
External surface (smooth, nodular, ulcerated)
Cut surface (solid, necrotic, hemorrhagic, cystic)
3. Dissection – carefully cut open to expose internal structures.
4. Sampling – select representative tissue sections for microscopic (histologic) examination.
5. Documentation – photograph and record findings in a gross description report.
🧫 Example
Specimen: Appendix
Gross description:
The specimen is a vermiform appendix measuring 7 cm in length and 0.8 cm in diameter. The serosal surface is congested. The cut surface shows a lumen filled with purulent material.
Gross diagnosis: Acute appendicitis.
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