Mood disorders are a category of mental health conditions that primarily affect a person’s emotional state

 Mood disorders are a category of mental health conditions that primarily affect a person’s emotional state. They involve significant disturbances in mood that can impact daily functioning, relationships, and quality of life.

🧠 Types of Mood Disorders

1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest.

Symptoms last for at least 2 weeks.

Physical symptoms: fatigue, changes in sleep/appetite, difficulty concentrating.

2. Bipolar Disorder

Involves alternating periods of:

Mania: High energy, euphoria, risky behavior, reduced need for sleep.

Depression: Low mood, fatigue, hopelessness.

Subtypes:

Bipolar I (full manic episodes)

Bipolar II (hypomania + depression)

Cyclothymic Disorder (milder mood swings)

3. Dysthymia (Persistent Depressive Disorder)

Chronic form of depression lasting at least 2 years.

Symptoms are less severe than MDD but more long-lasting.

4. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Depression that occurs seasonally, often in winter months.

Linked to lack of sunlight.

5. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

Severe mood swings, irritability, and depression before menstruation.

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🧩 Common Symptoms

Prolonged sadness or irritability

Loss of interest in activities

Changes in appetite or sleep

Fatigue or low energy

Feelings of worthlessness or guilt

Difficulty concentrating

Thoughts of death or suicide

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🧬 Causes and Risk Factors

Biological: Chemical imbalances in the brain, genetics

Psychological: Trauma, chronic stress, personality traits

Environmental: Abuse, neglect, major life changes

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🛠️ Treatment Options

1. Psychotherapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

2. Medications

Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs)

Mood stabilizers

Antipsychotics (for bipolar disorder)

3. Lifestyle Modifications

Regular exercise

Healthy sleep patterns

Stress management techniques

4. Other Treatments

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in severe cases

Light therapy for SAD

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🚨 When to Seek Help

If you or someone you know experiences persistent mood changes that interfere with daily life, professional support is essential. Early diagnosis and treatment greatly improve outcomes.

Bipolar disorder (formerly known as manic-depressive illness) is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). These shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels can affect daily life, relationships, and work.

Types of Bipolar Disorder:

1. Bipolar I Disorder

At least one manic episode lasting 7 days or requiring hospitalization.

Depressive episodes often occur as well.

2. Bipolar II Disorder

Pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes (less severe than full mania).

No full manic episodes.

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